Pronk, W., & Koné, D. (2009). Options for urine treatment in developing countries. Desalination, 248(1–3), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.076
Interesting prospects of a urine-based product exist as a fertilizer in agricultural applications in developing countries. However, removal of pharmaceutical residues is essential to prevent long-termenvironmental hazards. In this paper, the perspectives of urine collection and treatment are discussed with a perspective of the developing countries. Scenarios are drawn up and discussed around the processes of electrodialysis, precipitation and evaporation. A new process combination is presented consisting of nitrification in sand filters and solar evaporation, which could potentially be implemented in developing countries. Such a scenario enables good perspectives for local business development, which is an important prerequisite for the implementation of new technologies in the developing countries.