A measurement of the inclusive jet production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at √s = 13 TeV is presented. The double-differential cross sections are measured as a function of the jet transverse momentum p_T and the absolute jet rapidity |y|. The anti-k_T clustering algorithm is used with distance parameter of 0.4 (0.7) in a phase space region with jet p_T from 97 GeV up to 3.1 TeV and |y| < 2.0. Data collected with the CMS detector are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb⁻¹ (33.5 fb⁻¹). The measurement is used in a comprehensive QCD analysis at next-to-next-to-leading order, which results in significant improvement in the accuracy of the parton distributions in the proton. Simultaneously, the value of the strong coupling constant at the Z boson mass is extracted as α_S(m_Z) = 0.1170±0.0019. For the first time, these data are used in a standard model effective field theory analysis at next-to-leading order, where parton distributions and the QCD parameters are extracted simultaneously with imposed constraints on the Wilson coefficient c₁ of 4-quark contact interactions.