A two-dimensional double-distribution-function thermal pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model is applied to study the inception and evolution processes of cavitation bubbles. The inception process is realized by a high-temperature spot, while the growth and collapse processes are realized through the variation of the boundary pressure. Interactions between two equal-sized bubbles and two unequal-sized bubbles are systematically investigated. A modified Rayleigh–Plesset equation for the two cavitation bubbles that includes a weak interaction and thermal effects is proposed. For the weak interaction mode, the highest collapse temperature is lower than the initial input temperature due to energy dissipation. However, for the strong interaction mode, the maximum temperature is ultimately higher than the initial input temperature due to the superposition of an exothermic process. For the weak interaction mode between two unequal-sized bubbles, when the distance between the two bubbles is small, the re-entrant jets and pressure wave generated by the small bubble cause the inner wall of the large bubble to flatten. For the strong interaction film-thinning mode, the microjets and high pressure generated by the small bubble change the collapse direction of the large bubble.