Protective measures are of pivotal significance in risk management. The design of protective measures is based on a combination of practical experience and scientific theory. In this paper we explain how techniques from risk assessment can be used to analyse the effectiveness of such measures. As an example we focus on the issues arising from the use of snow supporting structures to prevent and control avalanche release. We also discuss the issue of vulnerability in hazard zones particularly with regard to buildings. Next we discuss temporary protective measures with respect to torrential flooding. Finally we discuss issues relating to the long term development of an alpine settlement. The relation with economic development, social responsibility and sustainability emphasises the importance of an integral approach.