This chapter investigates how policies governing integrative and segregative nature protection in forests have evolved at the international and European level. It also reviews the design and implementation of these policies in different national and sub-national contexts. The chapter compiles the available evidence from different policy levels and across various European countries. Based on this, it identifies the institutional determinants of an effective and integrated provision of production and conservation objectives in forest management: forest ownership structure (private vs. public), socio-economic and policy priorities of the forest sector (socio-economic vs. socio-ecological vs. multifunctional), and type of the political system (federal vs. central state).